ORDER FUNARIALES
Funaria
Plant body consists of rhizoids , axis and leaves . They have multicellular , branched rhizoids with oblique septa . Axis has central conducting strand ( not vascular tissue ) . Leaf is simple , sessile and with midrib . Vegetative reproduction in funaria occurs by fragmentation of primary protonema , secondary protonema , by gemmae , by bulbils and by apospory .
Funaria is monoecious . Antheridia develop at the apex of main branch and archegonia develop laterally from the male branch . Antheridia and archegonia are intermixed with club shaped paraphysis , perigonial leaves ( in male ) and perichaetial leaves ( in female ) . Funaria have biciliated spirally coiled antherozoids .
Sporophyte is made up of foot , seta and capsule . Seta is long , slender and twisted . This twisting of seta is characteristic of funaria . The name funaria is derived from latin word funis (= rope) . Capsule has three regions - apophysis ( basal region ) , theca proper and apical region . In apical region , operculum covers the petistome teeth . Annulus connects the operculum with theca proper . Peristome teeth are 2 rings of long curve triangular teeth of cuticle . Each ring has 16 teeth ( 16 + 16 = 32 ) . Teeth of outer ring are thick , large , red and with charateristic transverse thickening bands . Teeth of inner ring are delicate , small and colourless . In theca proper region , air space covers spore sac . Air space is partitioned by green trabeculae . Stoma in funaria are found only in basal apophysis region of sporophyte .
Archesporium develops from outer layer of endothecium . Entire sporogenous tissue develops in to SMC . Dehiscence of moss capsule takes place by the hygroscopic movements of peristome teeth . Operculum comes out by splitting at annulus . Spores are released in instalments . Spores germinate to form green , filamentous , branched primary protonema , then buds and leafy gametophytes .
Polytrichum and pogonatum
They are similar to funaria . Aerial shoot of pogonatum froms a mat like cushions on moist rocks , walls and tree trunks .